The main part of London is city. It's the places where London started. Now it's business centre. Few people can afford living in this part of the town - it's very expensive, so most people come there to do their job and leave this region in the evening. Westminster -- it's the central part of the town. Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, National Galleries are situated there. There are many government offices. In one tower of House of Parliament is Big Ben -- the main clock of Great Britain. Just across the street is Westminster Abbey -- main Church of England. New monarch is crowned there, wedding ceremonies of the Royal family take place there. It is also famous for its poets' corner - many famous people are buried there. Not far you can see Trafalgar square with Admiral Nelson's statue. Under his leadership English fleet defeated united Spanish and French forces. Another interesting place is Buckingham Palace. If the Queen is in, you can watch changing guards. West end is the residential part. It's the richest part of London. Not far from there Hyde Park is situated with famous speakers’ corner. East part is the poorest part of London. It is industrial region, so air is polluted; a lot of slums are there. The tower of London is famous for tower and Tower Bridge. Tower is museum now, but it used to be a fortress, state prison, the mint, and treasury. The tower of the bridge in middle ages was used like place of execution. There is one more place of interest - British Museum.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,52 kB)

Firstly, I should speak about the reasons why more and more young people prefer living apart from their parents. What really matters is that living apart parents capacitate for free life without any interdictions and limits, as well. Entering university causes another reason. Usually, chosen university is in another city. Due to this youth has no other choice as to leave parents home, and move to a new place. We must not forget and one more point about this. For the meantime, living on one’s own is more fashion than necessity. Of course, there are a great majority of other reasons, but those few mentioned I think do the most influence to youth. Talking of my living place after finishing secondary school, I must say that it depends on university which I will enter. There is no doubt that after finishing school I will be constrained to leave my native town. It goes with the territory, that in these days I think more and more about my future living apartments. I don’t find myself very happy when I think that in near future I will have to live in students hostile. I am strongly determined to rent a flat. I’ve made decision like this as I don’t like living in huge groups without any private life. Also, I am expected to mention what difficult is might students have while living in students hostiles or rented flats. One of the negative sides of living in students’ hostiles or rented flats is living on one’s own. Not all school leavers are ready to cook food, do some other house duties. In addition to this, youth experience hard life. Moreover, living in new place where one doesn’t know anybody causes stress. Youth undergo depression. Finally, it costs a lot to live in hostile or rented flat. As a result, youngsters must look for a job, save money. They are not able to conduct whatever they want. In conclusion, all changes give a lot of satisfaction to young people, but we can’t forget about the hard which it does.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,34 kB)

June 24th is a festival in marking the summer solstice. It was first recorded to have taken place in the 14th century. It was believed that on this the shortest night of the year plants and water acquired special powers for healing illnesses or the ability to increase the fertility of farmland. Customs associated with the feast have retained their popularity to this day. Bonfires are lit, wreaths are floated on water, and every year people search the forest for the legendary blooming flower of the fern. The festival ends with the rising of the sun the following morning.

Anglų kalba  Konspektai   (3,3 kB)

Lithuania lies by the Baltic Sea. But only the west part of our country is bathed by the sea. The climate in our country is quite good. We coul enjoy four seasons of the year. Every season is different from each other. My favourite season is spring. In this season we could see birds, like storks, tits, cuckoo and other, coming back from warm countries after long winter. Animals awake from their winter sleep. All nature becomes green. We could enjoy beautiful and colourful flowers. Most of them in spring I like violets. I like to watch the life of butterflies, ladybirds and grassschopers. After spring season comes summer. Then the weather becomes very hot. We could met various kind of wild animals in lithuanian woods: wolves, foxes, wild boars, beavers and other mammals. Also there is woodpeckers, swallows, sparows and storks, that are busy with finding food to eat. Very beautiful bird for me is swan. That white bird lives in lakes and delight people watching them. After amazing summer season comes autumn. It is very colourfull season, because the sky is blue and it matches with red, yellow and brown colours of the leaves on the trees. In this season people go to forest to pick mushrooms, nuts and wild berries. Unfortunately, this season always makes people be sad because of rainny and windy days. The coldest season of the year is winter. Then it snows a lot and the weather usually is really cold. Also there is fog and frost. So it‘s not one of my favourite season, despite my favourite holiday of a year – Christmas holiday. I think weather in Lithuania is enough good for us and it is better than in Australia, Africa or in Antarctica.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,24 kB)

Lithuania’s seasons Lithuania’s seasons are very different. We have all four seasons in the years. Summers in Lithuania are warm and dry. In those days, most people go outside for a walk or ride a bike. Temperatures can reach 300 Celsius so many people go to the seaside on days off. Winters are wet and cold. Sometimes it is very cold 25 degrees or more below zero. It often snows so usually everything is covered snow. Children like winter; they go sledging down the hills or play with snow. Winter is special because then everybody celebrate the most important holidays — Christmas and New years. Autumns are wet and windy. The days become shorter and the nights become longer. The weather often changes, and it gets colder and colder. The sky is often grey and cloudy, often rains. People usually stay at home or visit friends. Springs usually are warm and sunny. There are not much rainy days. The air is fresh and sun shines brightly. Many people go picnic. Lithuania has a wonderful climate. Everybody enjoys themselves, whatever season it is.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (2,93 kB)

• The Republic of Lithuania is situated near the Baltic Sea. The length of the sea border is 99 kilometres. Kuršių Nerija, a nearrow split of land, isbetween the Baltic Sea and the Kurish Lagoon. It is often called the Lithuanian Sahara. To the north the country borders on the Republic of Latvia, to the east and south - on Belarus, to the soutwest - on Poland and on the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation. The geometric center of the republic is about two kilometres west of Kėdainiai. The center of Erope is near the village Bernotai, 25 kilometres north of Vilnius. The highest point is Juozapinės hill, not far from Vilnius.It is 293.6 metres above sea level. The Nemunas River flows 937 kilometres. The Tauragnas is the deepest lake. • The first inhabitants had settled in the present territory of Lithuania about 900 BC. Lithuania was first mentioned in aLatin chronicle in 1009. It is believed that Lithuania gotits name from the Lietava River, the right tributary of the River Neris. It flows about 25 kilometres from the town Kernavė. The union of the Baltic tribes developed into the state of Lithuania in the 13th century. King Mindaugas (1251-1263) was thefirst Lithuanian king. The first Lithuanian ruler Gediminas founded the capital Vilnius in 1323. • The yer 1387 was significant as Lithuania was baptized and proclaimed a Christian state. The Battle of Žalgiris took place in 1410 where Grand Duke Vytautas together with the • Lithuanian and Polish armies defeated the Teutonic Order. • In 1918 the Act of independence was signed. The words music of the Russian occupation of Lithuania had started and was followed by the first deportations to Siberia. During World War ll Lithuanians had to join the Soviet army.The Act of the restoration of independence was proclaimed on March 11, 1990. The state holiday is February 16 known as independence Day. • The national flag consists of three colours.Yellow symbolizes the sun, light, and prosperity. Green represents the country's landscape,hope and joy. Red is the colour of the earth,life,and blood. • The founder of Lithuanian fiction is Kristijonas Donelaitis. The national bird is a stork,and the ruth is considered to be the national flower. According to the tradition,an oak is our national tree which sy mbolizes strength and fortitude. • The population is over three million in the republic. 1 700 000 Lithuanians or people of Lithuanian descent live in the whole world.Theaverage life expectancy is 70.5 yers. About 90 percent of Lithuanians are Roman Catholics.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (1,68 kB)

The capital of Lithuania is Vilnius. The official language of the state is Lithuanian. Lithuanian flag consists of gold, green and red ribbons. State emblem - white Vytis in the red field. The biggest town in Lithuania is Vilnius, then goes Kaunas, very beautiful town on the place where the river Neris flows into the Nemunas. Klaipeda, Panevezhys, Shiauliai and other big cities too. For the first time Lithuania was mentioned in 1009 in Quedlinburg annals. As a state it was emerged in the early 13th century and Mindaugas became the Grand Duke of Lithuania about 1240. At the end of 14th and the beginning of 15th century Lithuania became one of the most powerful states in the Europe. Lithuania was christened in 14th century, until that time it was pagan. Lithuanian people had to fight a lot for their freedom. The latest occupation ended only in 1990, when on March 11 Lithuania proclaimed its restoration of statehood. There are two big Universities in Lithuania in Vilnius and in Kaunas. University in Vilnius is very old: it was established in 1579, and another University, which received the name of the Vytautas the Great, was founded in 1930.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (0,87 kB)

Eventually, genetic engineering will allow us to create the perfect human. It will be hard to get used to. Parents will order a baby who will grow up to do a slam dunk or to have a Barbie doll appearance. But after the 2082 winter Olympics, some babies will be created aerodynamic, so they can sail like ski jumpers. Soon, powerful little motors will be added so they can fly, and a new fad will really take off. Billions of slam dunkers will jump for joy, while billions of Barbie dollers will become totally depressed. Also, genetic engineering will allow us to mix plants and animals. So, should we allow a female researcher to cross a man with a tree? She would then have something much more stable and dependable, and he wouldn't run around as much. But who would want to be a tree? If that was allowed, then what would the male researchers come up with?

Anglų kalba  Straipsniai   (10,64 kB)

Though less is known about death. All we know is that the body stops functioning. And no one knows what comes after that, what happens with person’s mind and spirit. Or maybe nothing happens, human existence just ends at the moment of death. So far it is everyone’s business to believe in life after death or not. But there is one question that can be discussed about death: is it meaningful or not? One can say that the one who believes in life after death will give the meaning to it and on the contrary – the one who does not – will not give the meaning to it. But there are people who do not believe in life after death. They even do not know if they believe in something at all and death is something mysterious, something important in human’s life even for them. Why death is so important in human’s life? Is it important? Before answering these questions I checked in the Internet hoping to find something about death. I looked for information in Academic Search Elite and Academic Search Premier databases and found over 20.000 pages related to this theme. Of course, not all of them were only about death itself, some of them where about death of some famous person, but the numbers speak. People talk about it, and if they talk about it – they care about it, it is important for them. However, why others think that it is just “an awful, stinking, absurd horror, and there is no way of giving it meaning”? There may be a lot of reasons and I would like to mention some of them. Let us look at the world history and especially the World War I, World War II and other tragedies. Dead people were buried all together without coffins, without priests (if a man was religious), without any attention. Of course, there were such circumstances – economic situation was bad, no time for normal funeral (have to fight), lots of unknown dead people. The death lost it’s mysteriousness, sacral meaning. Therefore some people think of death if it was only the end of bodies functioning. Though no man can judge them because no-one knows if there is something after death. Everyone knows for sure that the body begins to fall to pieces, begins to putrefy, to stink after death. This is also a reason to think as Rollo May does. But we should think from the other point of view. Every man’s death makes his relatives, friends, acquaintances feel bad, sad, or at least uncomfortable. Some of them say that they miss the person, feel lonely without him. Maybe it can be called egoism, but still person’s death does not pass through without consequences. It makes us stop for a second and think about the eternal questions of life and death. Yet another reason for such thinking could be the fear of death. When people are afraid of something they usually ignore or deny it. Some of them do not even think about it. In this situation a person who thinks so do not want to have any relationships with death and therefore deny it, give no meaning to it. And as the folk wisdom speaks – the roots of fear hide in ignorance. The meaning of death also shows burying traditions. Our ancients showed respect to a dead man by putting expensive clothes, things, animals and even humans to graves. They believed in life after death and emphasized it with great ceremonies. When Catholicism came to our culture burying traditions have changed but nevertheless it remained very important in humans’ life cycle. It proves the importance of priest’s participation in funeral. I have already mentioned World Wars. As it is the tragedy of the whole mankind, we can not judge about significance of death from this point of view. Nowadays things change very fast and it is hard to decide how people think about things. By the way Andrew Greeley said: “since the fall of socialism in Eastern Europe there has been a significant increase in religious faith in Hungary, Slovenia, East Germany, and the Soviet Union, particularly in matters of religious faith like belief in God, life after death, heaven, hell, and religious miracles.” (Society, Mar/Apr2001, Vol. 38 Issue 3, p32, 6p). Proving this I should say I was surprised one day by the Mass in the Catholic Church – there were lots of young people, they were singing, it looked as if they liked it very much to be in church, to participate in Mass. It was no doubt for me that they really believe in God who says that death is an important period in human’s existence. But there is another question about believing in God and meaningful death. It happens very often that a man who lost his friend, beloved person in early childhood when his faith in something was just beginning to develop does not believe in God, hates death because of some unfairness, offense. He can not go to a funeral, he laughs at those who suffer because of somebody’s death. He says he does not understand people who give some meaning to death. But it is just a defensive reaction. He denies death because he does not want to remember early childhood’s horrible experience. Lately I have been to a couple of funerals. People who died were not very close to me. Still their death touched me. As I looked at dead people’s relatives, friends I realized that this event is very hard to experience. It seemed that they lost the ground under their feet, they looked so lost as if they did not know how they were going to live any longer. But still in such a sad situation they believed that for a man who died will be easier to live “there”. They wanted to say goodbye to their friend, relative and I even heard one woman saying that she hopes to see him in the better world. That was the most convincing argument that she believes in the meaning of death. I would like to say that nobody should give up in believing in life after death. People should believe in death as in a one step in the better human’s life. In nowadays when social, economic conditions are very unfavorable old people who have to little time to change something must have hope in case they could live their last days cheerfully, hopefully. But it is one problem with it – people are too afraid in death. Let us cope with this problem, let us give a hopeful meaning to death and let us live more joyful!

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (5,08 kB)

Golden Rose str. 15, P.O. Box 2312, London Dear Carla, Thanks a lot for your letter and sorry for not writing before – I was soooooo busy! You know, school, music, friends and so on.:) So, you decided to come to my country – it’s so great! I can’t wait for you to come! You said that you have no ideas what places to visit and where to go. Well, I have some. First, I recommend you to stay in capital – Vilnius – or in Kaunas. It is the second largest city in Lithuania and it’s where I live. :P Next – if you want to make an acquaintance with our culture you’d better stay in Vilnius. There you can visit lot great places. For example – Gediminas Castle, or a Television Tower with a valiant (and expensive, of course) cafe “The Milky Way”, from where you can see a view of town. Also the Royal Palace of Lithuania and amazing St. Ona church which is inflexible fascinating. And because of that Napoleon wanted to take it on him palm to France! If you’ll decide to stay in Kaunas, you should visit Liberty Avenue which is a symbol of town. But because of that, that in it is now very much shoe shops it’s sometimes called “Shoes Avenue”. We also have Kaunas Castle, a lot of museums, Nemunas and Neris confluence, which is very beautiful place, and ctr. So, I promise – you won’t be bored. Can’t wait for you to come, Love, Emily

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (2,79 kB)

Dear Vic, Hi- how are you? Thank you for your letter. Actually, that’s what I’m writing to tell about “Teacher’s Day” in may school. We have “Teacher’s Day” on October 5 th on this day the twelfth form student’s teach schoolchildren. I and may fiends were biology teacher’s. We played with schoolchildren, it was very funny. “ Teacher’s Day” is a celebration for teacher’s, when schoolchildren greet them. Most often schoolchildren present flowers. This day in important in my life, because I can teach schoolchildren. I hope you would like this day in my school. I hope you are OK and will write to me soon. Love, Vaida

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (2,41 kB)

I am writing to you to complain about the tent which I bought through your mail order catalogue last week. I am very disappointed with what I received, as it is nothing like the one I saw in your advertisement. Firstly you led me to believe that it fits to 6 people, but truly it fits barely for 4. I strongly wanted the one for 6 people. In your advertisement you stated that there will be torch and batteries with every tent, but I didn’t fond these things. I was really disappointed about that. Moreover you have written that there is durable canvas, but in fact the tent was slightly torn and the zip got stuck. I didn’t expect that the product was so in low keep. Definitely misleading was available colors. O wanted red one, but unfortunately got pink. In addition I want that you can demand an immediate replacement or I need a full refund.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (2,8 kB)

Letter of Apology – sample Dear Mr Smith, In response to (atsakydamas) your letter regarding the unsatisfactory service that you received when renting a car on the 20th July, I would like to begin by giving you my sincere apologies for the inconvenience that you experienced. Firstly, the problem of being given the wrong car. Needless to say a smaller one occurred because the original car that had been booked for your had not been returned by the time you arrived. Unfortunately, the person who had rented the car prior to you, had not adhered (tvirti laikytis) to the rental period originally agreed and as a result was two day’s late in returning it. We were unable to contact him and therefore had to provide you with another vehicle. All of our four door models were at that time rented out, and rather than not providing you with any car at all, we were forced to provide a smaller two-doors model instead. As regards, the problem encountered with (susidurti) the engine and the wind-screen wipers, these were unfortunate mishaps (nelaimingas nutikimas) that could not have been before rental. Each time a car is returned to us, it automatically undergoes (patirti) a rigorous (tikslus, kruopstus) inspection before being given an inspection pass sheet. Our records show that this particular car had passed each inspection stage successfully which leads myself and the mechanics concerned to believe that the problems occurred after the car had been rented to you. This is truly a regrettable occurrence. Please, allow me to offer you 100 $ by way of compensation and to contribute towards (aukoti, duoti) the cost of your train ticket. In addition to this, I would like also to offer you our newest model, a luxurious four-door, rover for a six-day rental period at a time most convenient for you. I hope this offer will make up for the distressing journey you encountered, and will restore your confidence in our company as a customer-friendly organization. May I apologise again for this inconvenience. Meanwhile, I look forward to hearing from you to arrange a suitable date for renting our courtesy (pgarbumas) car. Yours sincerely, Mr j. Robins

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (3,42 kB)

We would be grateful if you could send us your latest catalogues together with the prices. If any discounts are applied, please list the terms of getting them. We would also like to know whether you will/can ship them to Lithuania. We look forward to hearing from you in the near future.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (5,08 kB)

He knows more and more words, and he often says two words: “what`s that”, and ”why”. A child wants to know more about things around him, so these two words are the way to the knowledge. One language cannot give so much news, as few languages. More languages – more keys to open the door to the world. It`s not one door to the world, and language can open not one door. We can go to the world reading books. In this field language is very important. Not all books are adapted to the mother tongue. The news from the horse`s mouth are much better. Some people say, that a book is an old – fashioned thing, but we cannot forget this door to the world. Other way to the world is TV. Nobody can say, that it`s old – fashioned thing. Technologies develop faster and faster and our task is don`t fall to them. We can watch a lot of foreign programs, but it`s not necessary if we cannot understand foreign languages.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,31 kB)

He knows more and more words, and he often says two words: “what`s that”, and ”why”. A child wants to know more about things around him, so these two words are the way to the knowledge. One language cannot give so much news, as few languages. More languages – more keys to open the door to the world. It`s not one door to the world, and language can open not one door. We can go to the world reading books. In this field language is very important. Not all books are adapted to the mother tongue. The news from the horse`s mouth are much better. Some people say, that a book is an old – fashioned thing, but we cannot forget this door to the world. Other way to the world is TV. Nobody can say, that it`s old – fashioned thing. Technologies develop faster and faster and our task is don`t fall to them. We can watch a lot of foreign programs, but it`s not necessary if we cannot understand foreign languages.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,96 kB)

They serve as a useful means of communication. How could we understand or talk to people from other countries, if we couldn’t speak their language? I think that some people like learning foreign languages, various people have different reasons. I think that some people like learning languages in general, the others learn because they have to do that at school. Besides, nowadays pupils realize quite well that they might need foreign languages in the nearest future or it might be a credit for them to get a better job.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,5 kB)

1254. Klaipeda was granted Lübeck City Right. 1298. Because of Klaipeda’s instability determined by conflict between Lithuanian and German knights, the bishop of Kur6as moved his residence from Klaipeda to Pilten. 1328. According to the agreement of the German Order in Prussia and Livonia, Klaipeda and its surroundings were transmitted to the German Order in Prussia and later became a part of Prussia Duchy and Kingdom. 1455. Klaipeda was occupied by the Samogitians for the first time. 1525. During Reformation in Prussia, a the Lithuanian Church was established. It enabled the Lithuanian community to consolidate beside the German community. Little by little, Klaipeda started to take the traits of a multi-cultural city. 1540. A fire devastated a large part of the city. 1605. The famous German poet Simon Dach was born. In honour of the poet the sculpture of Anicke was put on the square of Theatre and has become the symbol of the Klaipeda city. 1629-1635. Klaipeda was ruled by the Swedes.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (5,39 kB)

I even got unsightly flags on the streets of Maroubra taken down after writing a public letter of complaint outlining the visual pollution and commercialisation of our otherwise beautiful suburb of Maroubra Beach. The motivation is always there to learn more.” Favourite aspects of his role as the Media Man include: “Meeting and dealing with so many wonderful, interesting people. I am expanding my horizons every day. Interviewing people at Channel 31 has a sentimental significance for me, as the producer, Joy Hruby, gave me my break in television. I need to mention that the Internet provides constant learning and business opportunities. Seeing my ideas and research come to fruition, and benefiting so many, is most gratifying. I also like to expose fraud. Encouraging free thought and expressing freedom of speech in satisfying. Dealing with so many wonderful, supportive folks, many of whom reside in the good ol' USA.” Being able to communicate a message that so many other people will read and consider is probably the most rewarding aspect of being a journalist, according to Greg. “I am still coming to terms with being referred to as a journalist, even though I have my formal qualifications. I need to put in more hard yards, and until I win a major journalism award, I don't mind if I am not thought of as a journalist.”

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,73 kB)

If I have a possibility to choose a job, which job I would like to work I would choose psychologist job, because of some reasons. First reason is that psychologist can help people to solve their problems. They are always near the people, they can communicate with them. This job is a glorious opportunity for those people who are very talkative, communicative and who like to give ear to somebody. Although, psychologist’s job is very amusing, because a lot of people tell theirs life’s stories. It is interesting because each people have different life’s experience and different adventure. Psychologist has to hear all of them out. Second reason why I would choose this job is this job’s serviceability. Psychologists fortify a person who needs support; they help to find real life purpose and purport of life. This opportunity to help people fascinates me. Furthermore this job is very beneficial for our society. Psychologist helps to addicts. They are the main force contending with drug addiction. This aspect of this job is really important. In my opinion if person needs to be psychologist he needs to be: patient-because he has to hear out all the problems; reasonable-because he has to help to solve the problems and well-meant for people. Psychologist anyhow can’t be hot-tempered, because person who appeals for help needs support. Also he can’t be impolite, impatient and arrogant. I admire this job for its possibility and availability to help other people, and for it’s particularity. Finally I can say that this job is my dreamy job and I strongly believe that if I have enough willingness and stubbornness I will become a psychologist.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,17 kB)

Istorija, - Ant Romos Imperijos Griuvėsių. Sąvokos: Analai – pamečiui suregistruotų svarbiausių istorinių įvykių aprašas. Hipotezė – nelabai tvirtas spėjimas. Kronika- istorijos veikalas, kuriame aprašomi praeities įvykiai arba dabartis. Hipodromas – žirgų ir iškilmių vežimų lenktynėms skirta vieta. Ikona – religinės tematikos kūrinys, paprastai tapomas ant medinių lentelių. Katalikybė – Romos popiežiaus vadovaujamos Vakarų krikščionių bažnyčios tikėjimas. Kodeksas – teisės normų rinkinys, nustatantis tam tikrus visuomenės santykius. Mozaika – paveikslas, ornamentas, sudarytas iš stiklo, marmuro gabaliukų, spalvotų akmenukų ar kita. Patriarchas – Stačiatikių bažnyčios aukščiausiasis dvasininkas. Stačiatikybė – Rytų krikščionybė. VI a. – Arabijoje gyveno Mahometas – pranašas. Reikalavo paklusti visagaliui Dievui Alachui. 622 m. – Mahometas persikėlė iš Mekos į Mediną. Nuo šios datos musulmonai skaičiuoja metus. Džihada – „šventas“ karas prieš kitataučius. Arabeska – islamo meno ornamentas iš vijoklinių augalų šakelių. Emyras – kalifo vietininkas. Islamas – musulmonų religija, grindžiama pranašo Mahometo mokymu. Kalifas – musulmonų valdovų, laikomų pranašo Mahometo įpėdiniais, titulas. Koranas – svarbiausia musolmonų šventoji knyga. Mečetė – musulmonų maldos namai. Musulmonas – islamo religijos išpažinėjas. Teokratija – santvarka, kurioje aukščiausią valdžią turi dvasininkai. Krikščionybė plito: 1.) savo noru 2.) verčiami. Krikščionių skelbiamos vertybės: 1.) nuskriaustųjų gynimas 2.) 10 Dievo įsakymų 3.) amžinojo gyvenimo pažadai Vienuolynai – vyrų- vienuoliai ; moterų- vienuolės. Abatas – vienuolyno viršininkas. Misionierius – platinantis krikščionybę dvasininkas. Ordinas – suteikta, turinti savo taisykles vienuolių bendruomenė. Paprotinė teisė – bendruomenės sąmonėje įsišaknijusi tam tikrų taisyklių, garbės bei pagarbos vyresniems visuma. Romanai – tautos, kalbančios iš lotynų kalbos susidariusiomis kalbomis: prancūzai, italai, ispanai rumunai ir kt. Teisynas – įstatymų rinkinys. 800 m. – Karolis Didysis Romoje popiežiaus vainikuojamas Imperatoriumi. 843 m. – Verdeno sutartis. Trys Karolio anūkai dalinasi Frankų imperiją. Susikuria Prancūzija, Italija, Vokietija. Beneficija – už tarnybą dovanojama žemės valda iki gyvos galvos. Dinastija- tos pačios giminės valdovai, vienas iš kito paveldintys turtą. Frankai – barbarų gentis. Grafas – vietininkas, paskirtas užkariautų žemių valdyti. Karolingų atgimimas – pirmasis antikinės kultūros atgimimas Vakarų Europoje. Reforma – visuomeninio gyvenimo pertvarkymas. Rekonkista – arabų užimtų Ispanijos teritorijų atkovojimas VII-XV a. Vikingai – danų, norvegų, švedų protėviai (žuvėdai, kuršiai, ___________). XII- XI a. – Europai kėlė siaubą vikingai. IX-XIII a. – kuršiai siaubia skandinavus. 854 m. – Apuolės gynyba. Runos – vikingų rašto ženklai. Sagos – senovės skandinavų pasaka, legenda. Kolonija – išeivių iš kitos šalies gyvenvietė. Drakaras – vikingų karo laivas. Bersekas – bebaimis vikingų karys, kuris kovėsi be šarvų, nekreipė dėmesio į sužeidimus. Slavai – gausiausia Europos tauta. Pagrindinis verslas – žemdirbystė. Gradas – sustiprinta gyvenvietė. V-VII a. – Slavų gentys paplito Europoje. Didžioji slavų migracija. Kijevo Rusia – vikingų įkurta valstybė (Riūrikaičių dinastija). Kirilas ir Metodijus – garsiausi stačiatikių vienuoliai. Cerkvė – stačiatikių maldos namai. Kirilica – pirmoji slavų abėcėlė, kurią sukūrė Kirilas.

Anglų kalba  Konspektai   (5,3 kB)

His neighbors watched him making various things and thought he would probably become a well-known clock maker. They thought thus because he had already made a clock which his neighbors had never heard of before. It worked by water. Isaac also made a sundial. The water clock could tell the hour in the house and the sundial outside. When he grew older he took a considerable interest in mathematics. Though Isaac never lost his manual skill his ability as a mathematician and a physicist was the most important in his life. His first physical experiment was carried out in 1658, when he was sixteen years old. Wishing to find out the strength of the wind during a storm, he jumped against and before the wind and by the length of his jump he could judge the strength of the wind. Thus he was searching out the secrets of nature and could find out difficult things in simple ways. When Isaac was fourteen years old, his mother took him from school to help her on the farm at Woolthorpe, where she lived with three other children - Isaac's brother and two his sisters. After two years working on the farm his mother sent him again to school to prepare for the University. On June 5, 1661, Newton entered the University of Cambridge where he studied mathematics. He became famous when he made a number of important contributions to mathematics by the time he was twenty-one. Then he began studying the theory of gravitation. In 1665, when he saw an apple fall from a tree he began wondering what force made the apple fall. Isaac was thinking about the earth's gravitation when the Great Plague raged in London and he was sent home from Cambridge because of this plague. In that quiet period of almost two years he finished considering his discoveries which had perhaps the most far-reaching effect in the whole history of science: the method of fluxions, decomposition of light and the law of gravitation. As a young man at Cambridge Newton had read with great interest the writings of Galileo, he knew the geometry of Descartes, and he had already partly worked out the methods of calculus, which he called the method of fluxions. So then he began to think "of gravity extending to the orb of the moon", as he wrote, he immediately put this idea to the test of calculation. For some years he studied light, in which subject alone his work was enough to place him in the first ranks among men of science. Newton performed many experiments with light and found that white light was made up of rays of different colours. He invented the reflecting telescope, which was very small in diameter, but magnified objects to forty diameters. Newton developed a mathematical method which is now known as the Binomial Theorem and also differential and integral calculus. In 1669 he was appointed professor and began lectures on mathematics and optics at Cambridge. Isaac Newton died in 1727 at the age of 85. He was buried with honours, as a national hero. It was the first time that national honours of this kind had been accorded in England to a man of science. Isaac was a great man who helped a lot for all world scientists. Philosophers are often absent-minded. Isaac Newton was a great scientist but he was also a philosopher and he was often as absent-minded as his colleagues all over the world. One day a man came to see Newton, but he was busy in his study and nobody was allowed to disturb him. Then visitor sat down in the dinning-room to wait for the philosopher. A little later Newton's wife came in and placed a covered dish on the table, telling the visitor that it was her husband's dinner. When she had left, the visitor lifted the cover and ate the whole boiled chicken, because he was very hungry. Now in the dish were a lot of small bones. When Newton's wife came in again, he apologized for what he had done, but she told him not to worry because another boiled chicken is in the kitchen. While she was fetching it, Newton came into the dinning-room and lifted the cover of the dish. When he see the bones, he turned to the visitor and said with a smile, "See how absent-minded we philosopher are! I quite forgot I had already my dinner". Then his wife came in with another dish. When the matter was explained, everybody had a good laugh.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (7,03 kB)

In case I have a possibility to choose computer programmer's, lawyer's or teacher's profession, I am absolutely decided to choose teacher's profession when I was in nineth form. There are many reasons why I chose this profession. Firstly, I think that teacher's profession is very creative, as you can take place with your students in interesting competitions, create original things and interesting ways to help your students to learn difficult lessons. Secondly, being a teacher means that you allways are in the centre of young people, and it makes you feel young and energetic. Thirdly, this kind of profession makes you to feel interested in the whole world and events, which are happening around us.And one more, but not the least thing why I chose teacher's profession is that teacher is one of the most important people in human's life. Teacher helps us to learn many important things, to get better prepared for the future and to decide about some important things as future's career. In terms of skills and character, I must say that every profession needs different skills and character. If you are going to be a computer programmer, you have to be intelligent, in order to understand computer's technology, hard-working, as it sometimes takes a long time to learn things about computers, and persitent, as computer programmer can not give up and allways must finish what he starts. Talking about skills, computer programmer must have habit of work with computer and foreign language habit. What about lawyer's profession, I must say that he must be accurate, as he should not make mistakes in his work, should be fair and give all the evidence equal consideration, as well intelligent, in order to understand all laws. As a matter of fact, lawyer must have laws understanding and foreign language habits. In case you are going to be a teacher, you need to be very patient, as students sometimes take a long time to learn things, friendly, even when you are talking with rude students, as well as creative, so that you can make students interested in yur lessons. As I know, teacher must have foreign language and some other habits. As I said earlier, when i was in nineth form, I decided to choose teacher's profession. To be more specific, I decided to become an English language teacher, as I like English very much. All in all, I must say that decision about future's profession is very important. On this decision depends our future and hapiness.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,62 kB)

Dear Sir/Madam I am writing to ask for information about your offer tours around Vilnius. My friend come from England and want see same places like The Cathedral, The National Museum, The Town Hall, Vilnius University, Gediminas’ Tower of the Upper Castle, The Television Tower, Radvila Palace, The Gallery "Arka", The Church of St Francis and St Bernardino or other. I want get information about times of departure of tour. It’s very important for me because I’m busy at work and haven’t got a lot of free time. So if its possible please inform me about it. I want know about your prices for students. My friend is 23 years old and he is student of second course in the Cansas University . He have all necessary documents and want little bit smaller prices of this tours . So be great if you can write about it. I would be grateful if you could reply as soon possible. Yours sincerely, Holden Anderson.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (6,76 kB)

I have four tickets to the theatre next Saturday. It will be the last performance of ‘King for a Night’ and I think it would be great to see it. Would you like to come along? I have invited Sue and Milo too, because I know how they like theatre. They accepted my invitation and asked me if I knew a good place to go for something to eat afterward. Maybe you can suggest something? I suppose we could go to Gino’s Pizzas, because every one of us likes Italian food. Hope to hear from you soon. Give me a ring if you can go with us.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,71 kB)

What is more, it is a very big family. There are five children and they all are very nice. So I work here as a nanny. Sometimes I tidy rooms, because children always make a mess. Their mother and father are sweet to me too. They do not give me too much work. In their free time, I go with them to the cinema or theatre. I am having a very good time here.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,81 kB)

I am fifteen years old, middle height and I think well-built. I have green eyes and long straight brown hair. I like wearing casual clothes, so I usually wear jeans, jumper and flat shoes. I do not like very colorful outfit. I like reading books, listening to the music and going out with my friends or boyfriend. I do not mind sometimes to watch TV. I do not like staying at home, when it is very good weather outside.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,93 kB)

We have already seen pyramids, but they have not done a big impression to me. In addition, we have been snorkeling and scuba diving. The Red Sea’s underwater world is fascinating. There are many things we have not done yet. We have not visited the Egyptian museum. I heard that it is very beautiful. I have tasted some Egyptian food. It was not very tasty, because they cook without milk and they do not eat pork. Cairo is remarkable city – you must visit it one day! Well that will be all for now. Hope to see you soon.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,85 kB)

Hello Saulius, Hi! How are you? I hope the summer job is going well. Have you decided where to go on holiday? I am writing to you from Cairo. My mother, father, sister and I came here four days ago. We are staying in a wonderful hotel near the Red Sea. The weather is sunny and boiling hot. We have already seen pyramids, but they have not done a big impression to me. In addition, we have been snorkeling and scuba diving. The Red Sea’s underwater world is fascinating. There are many things we have not done yet. We have not visited the Egyptian museum. I heard that it is very beautiful. I have tasted some Egyptian food. It was not very tasty, because they cook without milk and they do not eat pork. Cairo is remarkable city – you must visit it one day! Well that will be all for now. Hope to see you soon. All the best. Edvinas 160 word’s

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (2,77 kB)

Dear Mr Smith , I am writing to explain my failure at the math exam. I am very disappointed myself. I don’t know whats hapened then. I learn two months with special teacher, read many books, do a lot of exercises, but exam shows that is not enough. I was lost in my minds and can’t concentrate my knowleadges then write the exam. I know that is difficult situation , but we can find good decision. I promise learn more harder several weeks and I wanna get second chance. I try to relearning all math theory and exercises. Then I renew my knowledges and try to pass an examination. You can proud me. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Holden Anderson.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (5,71 kB)