India One of the most striking features about India, which any foreign traveler must appreciate, is the size and diversity of this country. India is the seventh largest country in the world in terms of size, with a total landmass of 3,287,590 sq km. Located in South Asia, it has land boundary of 14,107 km with its neighbours [Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Burma, Nepal and Bhutan] and a coastline of 7,000 km, which stretches across the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. India is a country of both diversity and continuity. It is a creative blend of cultures, religions, races and languages. The nation's identity and social structure remain protected by a rich cultural heritage that dates back at least 5,000 years, making India one of the oldest civilisations in the world. One of the fundamental components of Indian culture, vital for your business organisation to succeed, is an understanding of the traditions and ways of communicating with others that form the basis of India's society. It is advisable to schedule your appointment at least a couple of months in advance. If you are making your appointments before coming to India, do emphasize that you will be in India for a short period of time, if this is the case. It is also useful to reconfirm your meeting a few days before the agreed upon date. Do be prepared for last minute changes in the time and place of your meeting. It is useful to leave your contact details with the secretary of the person, so that, in case there are changes, you can be informed. Formal or informal communication: • In general, people are addressed by their name [without the prefix] only by close acquaintances, family members, or by someone who is older or superior in authority. • Do use titles wherever possible, such as “Professor” or “Doctor”. If your Indian counterpart does not have a title, use “Mr”, “Mrs”, or “Miss”. • Do remain polite and honest at all times in order to prove that your objectives are sincere. • Don't be aggressive in your business negotiations – it can show disrespect. Behavior: • The head is considered the seat of the soul. Never touch someone else’s head, not even to pat the hair of a child. • Beckoning someone with the palm up and wagging one finger can be construed as in insult. Standing with your hands on your hips will be interpreted as an angry, aggressive posture. • Whistling is impolite and winking may be interpreted as either an insult or a sexual proposition. • Greet by pressing your palms together and bow slightly. Say “Namaste” (nah-mah-stay). • Among the younger urban Indians, a 'Hello' or 'Hi' with a wave of the hand is also an acceptable form of greeting when making informal contact. • Talking to a woman who is walking alone is not advisable, since it is likely to be seen as a proposition or other inappropriate gesture. • Allow women to proceed first. • Ignore beggars. • Respect age and seniority. • The comfortable distance to be maintained during an interaction is much closer in India than in most Western countries. In general, a distance of about 2 or 2 ½ feet is seen as comfortable. However, since India has very high population density, in public spaces [e.g., public transport, a queue, etc.], don't be surprised if you find people almost rubbing against you.

Anglų kalba  Referatai   (10,01 kB)

Firstly, busyness at home and at school should be biggest. Teenagers have to talk with parents about our problems and learning. I think if teenagers would have trade, there would be less crime in the streets. For example: out of school activities, travels, and international organizations, or example: scouts, youth clubs.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,12 kB)

The living conditions in our city are getting worse and worse. Exhaust fumes and smoke from the factories are polluting the air. Furthermore, the rivers and sea are being polluted by chemicals from the factories and people are suffering from breathing difficulties and stomach problems. We should do something it is too late. Air pollution is very important problem in our town. The biggest air polluters are cars. They give off dangerous fumes. Consequently, people get sick breathing diseases. To prevent from polluters governments should improve public transport, people can buy better pollution protecting cars or often to walk it. Water pollution is a serious problem caused by human activities. Factories are dumping their garbage into the sea or rivers! We have to teach world that water is our life and we must to save it! For example we can stop using the products of companies whose factories cause pollution and so on. There is a lot of rubbish in the streets in our town. And I think that we have provide more litter bins in the streets and parks. Our town denizens like picnics near the river. After picnic they leave a lot of plastic bottles, packing and disposal container. It is very pathetic sight… But when we will change it? When we will give though that we are killing myself, our nature that we all are part of the nature?... We have to say our friends and survivors not to litter because it is very bad indeed for our environment! All things considered there are many solutions to all the problems. The sooner we put them into practice, the better our lives will become.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,62 kB)

How ballet can change your life Take some young people from the most disadvantaged areas in the West Midlands. Challenge them to perform 'Romeo & Juliet' as a ballet. Film every ouch, fall and tear. Present it as a TV documentary and see them performing live in Birmingham! Ballet Hoo! Is not a competition. There were no rounds of auditions, no elimination process and no search for an overall winner. Over 18 months the Ballet Hoo! Project combined ballet and the arts, fitness, personal development training and life coaching to around 100 young people to develop skills to help them better their lives. Included in the cast was 19 year-old Alethea from Smethwick. She says: "I found the whole process challenging but at the same time very rewarding. I owe everyone a whole lot for the skills I have gained and will carry with me into later life." Tybalt wrestles with the crowd This version of Romeo and Juliet, developed by Kenneth Macmillan, meant a grueling rehearsal schedule for the untrained teenagers and the Birmingham Royal Ballet professionals as they worked together - and even adapted certain scenes. They performed at the Birmingham Hippodrome in front of a packed audience on Thursday 28 September, and were filmed for the final Channel 4 documentary.The project seems to have inspired everyone involved, and the success stories are already arriving. Linden, who plays Tybalt, says: "I have recently been accepted by the National Youth Theatre and greatly enjoy acting. I hope to continue performing."The project was a partnership between Birmingham Royal Ballet, Youth at Risk and Channel 4 - who have been filming the teens along their journey. There are still a couple of the documentaries to be screened 'Ballet Changed My Life: Ballet Hoo!':

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (39,18 kB)

I have an apartment in a nine story building I live on the xxx floor. The livers keep house in order. There are many trees near my house. My house was built in 19**. The number of my flat is *. I live in the two rooms flat. The area of my flat is about xxx square meters. There is a balcony in my flat. I have a fine view from the balcony and windows. I have two bed-sit rooms, a bathroom, a toilet, a corridor and kitchen. There is hall stand in the corridor. There are bookcases, wardrobes, beds, tables in the bed-sit rooms. My walls are papered. On the floor there are carpets. Every month we pay fee. I have all amenities shot and cold water, gas, electric light, central heating, lift. In the kitchen there is gas cooker. There are gas meter, electric meter and water meter. I would like to live in a big house with a big garden. I would like to have a swimming pool. I want to have ten rooms in the house.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,63 kB)

I want to tell about my ideal holidays. I am going to write about summer holidays in Palanga. One day I and my friends decided that enough to sit at home and need to do something interesting. So we decided to go to Palanga. Our group was composed from four people: I, my boyfriend, his brother and cousin. We packed lagguages, sat to the car and after five hours we were in Palanga. . We rented a flat, brought all the things inside and went to the beach. The beach was crowded. We lied on the warm sand and started to sunbathe. Sun was very warm and it was so good! Sea was very quied and we decided to go to swim. The water was cold but we swam, played and splashed as if it was warm. In the evening we came back from the beach, and then we all had a shower and went to the town. Our stomaches were growling with hunger. We went into the cafe to have a dinner. When we got full we went for a walk into Basanavičius alley. There was a lot of funfairs. We went to the horror room, after that to the big wheel, witch turned as very fast. It was so exciting! After this dispots we went to the club. There our group drank some cocktails and went to dance. Some hours later we all went back to the flat and quickly fall to sleep. Next day we woke up and saw that the rain was getting to start. So we decided to stay into flat and to think what to do in the evening. But in the evening was raining too so we just went to the seaside to see the sunrise. We didn’t bored. In the flat we played with cards and witch from as had lose that had to do a work. It was funny. Some successive days our group spent all time in the beach or in the dene, in the evening – in town’s clubs. Together we danced, wollowed, met a lot of friendly, accommodating maybe and some strange people. We were in Palanga all week. Every day brought me something new and interesting. Last day my boyfriend met his cousins so half day we communicated with them, about nightfall we packed and leaved the town. Ridding home my boyfriend’s brother and cosin slept, I and my boyfriend was talked about all time, witch we spent in resort. We were happy that deviced this journey. That week we four forgot homes, funny spent all time and didn’t think that summer is going to past. When we came home was very late. This summer we want to go to the seaside too. I hope we will have the same much fun and pleasure.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,52 kB)

Christmas is a Lithuanian national holiday. On the eve of Christmas people has a family supper, they don't meat, only fish, fruits and berries. Everybody is waiting for Christ to be born. Some people enjoy themselves on the new year's day. On the eve of New Year they have a party at home, or go the restaurants, visit their friends. The New Year tree is decorated for the Christmas or New Year. The day of Lithuanian's independence is on the 16 of February. Since 1928 Lithuanian's people marks this day every year by paying tribute to those who gave their lives for the people's happiness. For many years after World War the second this holiday was forbidden. Since 1989 it again becomes the national wide holiday in your country. It's a non-working day. The 11 of March is also a very important day for your country. Mother's Day is celebrated on the 1st Sunday of May. The member of family honour mother giving flowers, presents to her on that day. The 1st of November is day of commemorating the dead usually on All Saints Day. People lay flowers on dear people and honour their memory by observing a minute's silence. In spring we celebrate the Easter Day. The tradition of Easter Day is to colour eggs for Easter table. There are some other holidays in Lithuania, but I tried to discuss the most popular.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,08 kB)

Each individual person has one or more hobbies. One of them likes to sing, other to collect something, or just to read books. There are a lot of hobbies. Just like drawing, dancing, acting a part, riding a horse, playing football and etc. These things help to forget problems, to relax and have a good time. My hobby is dancing. Several people think that it’s boring and no benefit taking hobby, but I don’t agree with them.For me dancing is really beneficial hobby. First thing is that you can relax and dance for self treat.  Second thing is that you uphold your form. When you dance you forget all problems and you dedicate yourself to dancing. When you are dancing you can improvise and create new motion. It lets your mind to unwind. It doesn’t matter if you don’t know how to dance. You just have to relax and let your body to move. The most important thing in dancing is that, when you dance in a contest you try to show the best motion that you can do. When your basic wish is to win you do everything that you can. And when you win you fell like in heaven. I can’t describe this feeling, because you have to fell it if you want to understand. These unique emotions remain in your mind forever. I think that no one hobby can give such wonderful moments like dancing.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,08 kB)

Purpose live health, you must eat health food. In food has been at six basius food component. Following components is vitamin, mineral, cellular, carbohydrates, fats and protein. Vitamin give the people vital process. They help take energy and parcitipates set mechanizm. Minerals help comprise new components. Cellulars encouraging digest food and nutritions materials appropriation. Carbohydrates exclude energy. Fats is concentrated energy and protein is new cells materials. Health food is fruits, vegetables and next food with vitamin. Ill food is difficult food. Difficult food is Lithuaniain zeppelins, mushrooms and next difficult digestible food. To health life enter and sports. We must been sporting. As we beeng sporting we obligatorily goes to sports clubs and practise. When we all that does then we live all desirable life.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,05 kB)

Touching some other bases, I must say that there are many reasons of having a pet. The most important is loneliness. However I can’t deny that some people keep pets for fun. There are strong arguments both for and against keeping a pet. I would like begin with advantages of owning a pet. The first reason of having a pet is that their benefits for children are undeniable. Keeping a pet is an important part of every child’s childhood and plays a big role in both their physical and mental development. It teaches children how to play, look after them, while at the same time aiding tolerance and understanding of each other. From a social standpoint, pets play a large role in many lonely people’s lives. Nowadays more than ever lonely people are fond of keeping pets, because it helps to raise their mood, when they are in low spirits, and not to feel so extremely lonely. The final advantage of having a pet is that it makes fun for people who are crazy about attending various animals’ exhibitions and showing the best points of their pets to others. However, there are many disadvantages of keeping a pet as well. Perhaps the most obvious one is that pets cause a lot of damage. In fact, a lot of people face with this problem. To avoid that they always have to look after their pet and try not to keep them in rooms which are full of valuable things. Secondly, some people can’t keep pets because of their health. Usually they are allergies and can not live with a pet in the same place. Furthermore, some pets, especially dogs, dislike little children and they are likely to bite them. So it is advisable to think twice before buying a pet and consider both advantages and disadvantages. Talking about pets, I am able to say that I have a pet too. I have big, fat cat. He is called Meilas. He is Persian race. All my family’s life changed when we got this cat. This cat brought to our lives more fun. I feel very happy when Meilas meets me coming back from school. He is my best friend. To sum it up, I must say that if you love your pet, he makes you life as fun as you can imagine.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,48 kB)

Drugs, alcohol and tobacco using circulate between pupils in Lithuania. The most common and the most observable pupils harmful habit is smoking. In Lithuania about 55% of pupils’ smokes in 5- 8 form. Moreover, from 38% until 77% smokes in the higher classes. On the average boys began to smoke in 6- 7 class, or girls in 8- 9 class. Tobacco smoke from a cigarette contains more than 5000 chemicals. Sixty of them are known to cause cancer. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug that acts as a stimulant, causing your heart rate and blood pressure to rice. As you smoke, tar coats your lungs and increases your risk of lung cancer. Smoking causes about nine out of ten cases of lung cancer. In addition, it causes approximately one- third of all heart disease and strokes. Drugs are the other harmful habit. Drugs is mostly using in discotheques, parties, nightclubs, recreational centers. About 2- 3% of pupils have tried or sporadically is using it. Pupils use drugs to relax or sedate the central nervous system. They can cause cyanosis. In addition, they can paralyze the portion of the brain that controls breathing, and thus cause death. Using of alcohol is very common: about 92- 95% pupils are taste it and about 10- 21% use it regularly. Alcohol is a drug, a chemical that changes the way the body works because of the chemical reactions in the brain, and its affects the way people think, feel speak and move. Alcohol is the number one drug abuse problem today. It is a direct cause of liver disease, stomach ulcers, pancreatitis, brain damage and other physical illnesses. K To sum up, these habits is very harmful fore everyone and especially for pupils. Therefore, if we want to prevent it firstly we should begin from ourselves and take attention what is happening around us.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (29,44 kB)

Happiness is an emotional or affective state that is characterized by feelings of enjoyment and satisfaction. States associated with happiness include well-being, delight, health, safety, contentment and love. Contrasting states include suffering, depression, grief, anxiety, and pain. Happiness is often associated with the presence of favorable circumstances such as a supportive family life and economic stability. However,There are several factors of being contented. A very important trait of happy people is their social involvement with others. Close relationships with supportive friends and family and an interest in caring and loving relationships are a priority in the pursuit of happiness. Moreover, happy people are good at setting long-term goals at work. They find work to be a positive experience because they put themselves into work situations where they feel challenged and engaged. The most important trait common to happy people is positive self-esteem. Such people like themselves and believe in themselves to be smarter, healthier and more sociable than the average person. They are also more optimistic, extroverted, and tend to have more realistic perspectives. They feel like they are in control of their lives. Also, research proves that people who are active in religious organizations are more contmented because they cope better with various life experiences and are less vulnerable. In conclusion, hapiness is anyone and anything that's loved by you. To look at it in a simple way, contentment is when reality is better than your dreams.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (1,33 kB)

Greece is a landscape of mountains and islands, many only tiny specks where a handful of people live.It was in the capital. Athens(Athina), that democracy,theater, philosophy, and the Olympic Games were born.The Parthenon still dominates the modern city center, a reminder of a noble past.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,56 kB)

Word count: 425 words. Už šį darbą gavau dešimt, pati parašiau.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (0,35 kB)

It could last about two days without any brakes. In all times people liked the theatre , but only plays by great dramatist are worth seeing: they are meaningful, they make us think, they are universal. Thanks to them we get to know life and culture. Besides, they are really interesting and really good. Since time is limited, one ought to see only the best plays just as one ought to read only the best books. Now there are a lot of theatres in the world. In Vilnius one of the most famous is the Opera House. I like performances. One of my favourite plays is "The Nose" by Gogol. This play was made at the Youth theatre. It lasts about three hours and all that time people laugh. In that performance a lot of famous Lithuanian actors take part: Vilkelis, Bagdonas and others. Lithuania is not very rich in theatres. At present we have about ten. The Lithuanian theatre is in a very bad condition. The theatres have no money, all performances are old. They can't make new plays very often. There are about seven theatres in Vilnius. I like all kinds of performances, but my favourite is musical comedies. But this theatre is only in Kaunas and once a year they come to Vilnius to show the performances. I saw a few of them: "The Bat", "The Blood Of Vienna". I like theatre , but I don't want to be an actor, because I think that it is better to look at the play than to take part in it.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (0,89 kB)

Global Warming has many threats on the climate and even the health of the people on this planet. Some of these threats include the altering of crop seasons and even effect the way organisms survive on the planet. The first thing I think I should discuss when talking about global warming is what causes it to occur. Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, which are known as greenhouse gases, all build up in the atmosphere of the earth. All these gases make it so that it becomes harder for the radiation that the sun shines into the atmosphere to escape. The heat continues to build up and this is what causes the temperatures to increase. I know this seems like the temperatures increase massively but in the last hundred years the average temperature of the Earth has gone up between 0.8 and 1.0 degrees farenheight. Also in the last fifteen years, we have had the ten warmest years in record. Global Warming also helps the Earth and it has been for many years. Without global warming, the Earth’s temperature would be a lot lower than the 60-degree average. Unfortunately due to there being many more harmful “greenhouse gases” being placed into the atmosphere, instead of the temperature staying at a constant, its rising. What are many of the dangers of the Earth’s temperature rising? First of all it cause many of the glaciers that are floating in the Arctic and Greenland to melt. This in turn causes the sea levels to rise around the world. In the last hundred years alone the seas around the planet have risen anywhere from four to ten inches. I know it does not sound like a massive change but being able to raise all the seas in the world a whole ten inches is a huge problem. Sea levels also continue to rise is because the hotter temperature cause the ocean water to expand. An example of the sea level causing problems could happen on a little Native Island in the middle of an Ocean. On these islands usually where native tribes live, if the sea level rises three fourths of a meter then half of the island will sink. This could happen in many different islands around the world and if the water keeps on rising as it is, then farming land near the seashores will be flooded and the crops will be destroyed and many farmers will be left without much to live off of. The melting of the glaciers are also causing some problems in the Himalayas. Many of the tips of the mountain’s in that area. Massive flooding and rivers that are well above their normal levels are threatening the crops and homes in the area. Many of the locals that live in the area and many of the scientists that are surveying the area are saying that the glaciers are melting at a phenomenal rate. Another danger that comes with the changing of the climate is that the increased heat causes more evaporation to occur in the hotter climates. This causes there to be more precipitation in many other climates that are not used to handling massive rainfalls. The increased rainfall also leads to speeding up the process of the sea levels rising. Health is also something that becomes threatened because of global warming. Heat becomes a huge factor in the health of humans, especially the elderly. Incidents such as heat stroke head exhaustion and diseases increase drastically. The heat makes it possible for mosquitoes and other insects to transmit diseases. This is something that happened in New York during this summer. A very rare disease called St. Louis Emphyitis (spelling?) that would spread in puddles of water that mosquitoes would drink out of due to the heat. These mosquitoes would then bite humans and infect them with this disease. I don’t recall how many people, if any died due to this, but it did cause a bit of a panic in the New York Metropolitan area. Heat is not the only weather problem. Global Warming doesn't only increase temperatures in hot areas. It also decreases temperatures in cold areas. An example of this has been the cold spell that struck the Midwest. In Montana, temperatures plummeted to 30 degrees below and stayed there. The coldest weather ever recorded plagued our country's heart for over three weeks and still hasn't returned too normal. A related incident has been the blizzards of the East Coast. Some places in New York State got over twenty feet of snow. So what is in store for Earth in the future? Possible nothing. There are many people that believe global warming is nothing more than the normal rise of temperature around the world. So if this is the case, we have nothing to really worry about. Unfortunately, this scenario of normal raise in temperature might not be the case. If it isn’t, Scientists estimate that the global temperature will rise between five and nine degrees by the middle of the 21st century accompanied by a sea-level rise of one to four feet. Once the temperature reaches a certain threshold, the polar ice caps will began to melt. While those living in the Arctic may find that a nice surprise, the implications for the rest of the world are serious. Even a partial melting of the polar ice caps will cause sea levels to rise so much as to completely wipe out most coastal cities. This includes such big cities such as San Francisco and New York. Those cities that are not totally wiped out by the water will eventually be hit with hurricanes much more severe than any other one in history. Of course, inland cities are not safe either. Rather than surging seawaters and hurricanes, they will face drought. So what can be done in order to keep from all of that from happening? We need to stop putting so much pollution in to the air. No matter what there will always be a little bit of Carbon Dioxide omitted into the atmosphere. If we could just limit all the coal and fossil fuels that we burn, there will not be so much “greenhouse gases” and it would keep all of that from happening so quickly. There have also been many attempts by the United States Presidents Administrations in order to help slow down the effect. In my lifetime I know that I won’t see anything too drastic happen due to global warming, but there is a chance that my children and grandchildren will.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,73 kB)

Gingivitis Inflammation of the gingival – gingivitis - is caused by accumulation of dental plaque on the teeth. If you don’t clean your teeth, plaque is formed on your teeth and at the gingival margin. Gradually the plaque covers all surface of gingival margin. Plaque left unremoved at the gingival margin will cause gingivitis after 3-4 days. Gingivitis is reversible, it may disappear and gingival may become healthy again. Most cases of gingivitis will heal within 1-2 moths. Untreated gingivitis and continuous penetration of the plaque may injury some supporting structures of the teeth. If you don’t treat gingivitis it could evoke progressively deeper inflammation in the tooth – supporting periodontal tissues, the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Also gingivitis without treatment could persist in chronic form. Clinical signs of gingivitis. Bleeding on tooth brushing is a warning sing, informing the patient that inflammation may be present. The redness of gingival intensifies in gingivitis and may eventually change to the deep red. The color changes usually begin in the papillae. Gingivitis – dantenu uzdegimas Margin - kraštas, pakraštys; riba. Approximal – besilieciantys Facilitate the retention – palengvinti islaikyma Salivary – seilių, išskiriantis seiles. Reversible – grįžtamasis Penetration - skverbimasis, prasiskverbimas, įsiskverbimas Injury – suzeidimas Recede - trauktis, atsitraukti; tolti Anchor - pritvirtinti; į(si)tvirtinti Puberty - lytinis subrendimas Underlying systemic predisposition - nekrintantis i akis sisteminis palikimas Papilla - papilė, spenelis, gumburėlis Initially - pradžioje, iš pradžių; nuo pat pradžios Edema - edema, pabrinkimas Spongy - akytas, korytas, korėtas, purus Sulcus – vaga Crevices –

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,61 kB)

It is estimated that humans have between 50,000 to 100,000 different genes; some of them are linked to particular diseases and conditions. Scientists have now identified nearly 4000 conditions that are limited to single defects in a person’s genetic code. Researchers all around the world are currently engaged in “The human genome project”, which aims to identify and define the function of every gene to be found in the human body. Through this they hope to locate errant genes, thereby getting a better understanding of every disease that is genetically transmittable and if possible find a cure for it. Genetic engineering, where by the defective gene sequence is cut and remodeled, is one route scientists might take. At present genetics can be a reliable predictor of who is likely to develop a particular fatal illness. Many feel that this information has the potential to cause as much harm as good, among the 10 percent of the population who may be affected. Some say that people would not be able to cope with the knowledge that they were likely to contract a terminal illness, but genetics argue that everyone has the right to know so that they could plan the rest of their lives. Some women who have been told that they are likely to develop breast cancer have chosen a surgery to remove the breast in order to increase their chances of survival. Genetic engineering is big business, and many experiments take place on animals. Fruit flies have been produced that they have extra eyes on their wings and legs; two years ago scientists grew an ear in a test tube and then transplanted on a laboratory mouse without immune system in order to see if it would be rejected. Harvard University has even patented its own mouse known as “nocuous” which has been genetically manipulated to develop cancer. Imutran, a Cambridge-based biotechnology firm, have produced a pig that is transgenic, from which they hope to be able to supply donor organs such as hearts that are in short supply for transplantation. The revelation that scientists at Cambridge University have successfully transplanted the hearts from genetically altered pigs into monkeys is the most wonderful news to have emerged from the world of medicine fro more than a decade. We are all to familiar with the bad side of science – here is a cause for being happy. The implications are stunning. We are witnessing the forward in human happiness. The chance now exists that hundreds of thousands of people, who are waiting for heart, liver and kidney transplants and would die because of the lack of donors, will now live. Suffers from many other diseases will also face hope. Not only will all those who need these major organ transplants be treated but whole new therapies will emerge. Many cancers, for example are now treated by chemotherapy or radiotherapy but in future it might be safer and more effective to just transplant the affected organ. Possibilities are nearly endless and truly amazing. Whole new era of health and longevity is now downing. Names of diseases: Appendicitis, bronchitis, cancer, chicken-pox, constipation – vidurių užkietėjimas, diabetes, diarrhoea – viduriavimas, hay fever – šienligė, hepatitis, indigestion – skrandžio skausmai, flu, insomnia – nemiga, leukaemia, measles – tymai, mumps – kiaulytė, tonsillitis – angina. Shortened one: Genetic engineering A general term for the direncted manipulation of genes, and usually used synonymously with genetic manipulation or genetic modification. A wide range of technologies are involved in this, but most involve the recombinant DNA techniques. Genetic engineering falls into several different categories depending on what is being engineered. Bacteria, yeast. This is ‘traditional’ genetic engineering (over 10 years old). Using recombinant DNA techniques genes are put into microorganisms to make them produce something we want, be it insulin, better beer or protein for food. Animals. Genetically engineered animals are usually called transgenetic animals. They are produced by a combination of fertilization techniques and DNA technology and produce animals that pass on their genetic modification to their offspring. Plants. Sometimes called transgenetic plants. They are created through the use of plant cloning technologies, which involve growing plants from isolated plant cells. Humans. Although the genetic engineering methods applicable to cows or mice are, in theory, applicable to humans, they have not been yet applied for obvious ethical reasons. Some experiments treating disease have been performed: these do not modify the germ cells. This is called gene theraphy rather than more public allarming term genetic engineering.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (5,16 kB)

Most of the evidence bearing on the inheritance of intelligence is derived from studies correlating IQs between persons of various degrees of genetic relationship. Although genetic determinants of intelligence are strong the results indicate that environment is also important. Note that when siblings are reared together – in the same home environment – IQ similarly increases. Other studies have shown that the intellectual ability of adopted children is higher than would be predicted on the basis of their natural parents’ ability. In the absence of better-controlled studies, a reliable estimate of heritability is not possible. Heredity clearly has an effect on intelligence, but the degree of this effect is uncertain. It is probably less influential than some researchers have claimed but not completely nonexistent, as others have claimed. Most probably, intellectual ability is determined by a number of genes whose individual effects are small but cumulative. The environmental conditions that determine how an individual’s intellectual potential will develop include nutrition, health, quality of stimulation, emotional climate of the home, and type of feedback elicited by behavior. Head Start Programs Because children from underprivileged families tend to fall behind in cognitive development even before they enter school, efforts have been made to provide more intellectual stimulation for these children during their early years. In some programs, special teachers visited the children at home several times a week to play with them. They provided the kind of intellectual stimulation that children in upper-class homes usually receive from their parents. The visiting teachers also taught the parents how to provide the same kinds of activities for their children. In general, the results of these early education programs have been promising. Children who have participated in such programs score higher on entering school and tend to be more self-confident and socially competent than children who have not received special attention. Studies correlating IQs between persons with varying degrees of genetic relationship show that heredity plays a role in intelligence. Estimates of heritability vary, however; such environmental factors as nutrition, intellectual stimulation, and emotional climate of the home will influence where a person’s IQ will fall within the reaction range determined by heredity.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,34 kB)

Friendship is above reason, for, though you find virtues in a friend, he was your friend before you found them. It is a gift that we offer because we must; to give it as the reward of virtue would be to set a price upon it, and those who do that have no friendship to give. If you choose your friends on the ground that you are virtuous and want virtuous company, you are no nearer to true friendship than if you choose them for commercial reasons. Besides, who are you that you should be setting a price upon your friendship? It is enough for any man that he has the divine power of making friends, and he must leave it to that power to determine who his friends shall be. For, though you may choose the virtuous to be your friends, they may not choose you; indeed, friendship cannot grow where there is any calculated choice. It comes, like sleep, when you are not thinking about it; and you should be grateful, without any misgiving, when it comes. So no man who knows what friendship is ever gave up a friend because he turns out to be disreputable. His only reason for giving up a friend is that he has ceased to care for him; and, when that happens, he should reproach himself for this mortal poverty of affection, not the friend for having proved unworthy. For it is inhuman presumption to say of any man that he is unworthy of your friendship, just as it is to say of any woman, when you have fallen out of love with her, that she is unworthy of your love. In friendship and in love we are always humble, because we see that a free gift has been given to us; and to lose that humility because we have lost friendship or love is to take a pride in what should shame us. We have our judgments and our penalties as part of the political mechanism that is forced upon us so that we may continue to live; but friendship is not friendship at all unless it teaches us that these are not part of our real life. They have to be; and we pay men, and clothe them in wigs and scarlet, to sit in judgment on other men. So we are tempted to play this game of judgment ourselves, even though no one has paid us to do it. It is only in the warmth of friendship that we see how cold a thing it is to judge and how stupid to take a pleasure in judging; for we recognise this warmth as a positive good, a richness in our natures, while the coldness that sets us judging is a poverty. Just as our criticism of a work of art begins only when we have ceased to experience it, so our criticism of our friends begins only when we have ceased to experience them, when our minds can no longer remain at the height of intimacy. But this criticism is harmless if we know it for what it is, merely the natural reaction, the cold fit that comes after the warm, and if we do not suppose that our coldness is wiser than our warmth. There are men who cannot be friends except when they are under an illusion that their friends are perfect, and when the illusion passes there is an end of their friendship. But true friendship has no illusions, for it reaches to that part of a man's nature that is beyond his imperfections, and in doing so it takes all of them for granted. It does not even assume that he is better than other men, for there is egotism in assuming that. A man is your friend, not because of his superiorities, but because there is something open from your nature to his, a way that is closed between you and most men. You and he understand each other, as the phrase is; your relation with him is a rare success among a multitude of failures, and if you are proud of the success you should be ashamed of the failure. There is nothing so fatal to friendship as this egotism of accounting for it by some superiority in the friend. If you do that you will become a member of a set, all, in their assertion of each others' merits, implying their own, and all uneasy lest they are giving more than they get. For if you insist upon the virtues of your friend, you expect him to insist upon your virtues, and there is a competition between you which makes friendship a burden rather than a rest. Criticism then becomes a treachery, for it implies that you are beginning to doubt these superiorities upon which your friendship is supposed to be based. But when no superiorities are assumed, criticism is only the exercise of a natural curiosity. It is because a man is your friend, and you like him so much and know him so well, that you are curious about him. You are in fact an expert upon him, and like to show your expert knowledge. And you are an expert because in the warmth of friendship his disguises melt away from him, and he shows himself to you just as he is. Indeed, that is the test of friendship and the delight of it, that because we are no longer afraid of being thought worse than we are we do not try to seem better. We know that it is not our virtues that have won us friendship, and we do not fear to lose it through our vices. We have reached that blessed state of being nearer to heaven than anything else in this life, in which affection does not depend upon judgment; and we are like gods, who have no need even to forgive, because they know. It is a rare state, and never attained to in its perfection. We can approach it only if we know what friendship is and really desire it, and especially if we admire the man who is a friend without ever wondering at his choice of friends or blaming him for his faithfulness to them whatever evil they may do.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (5,81 kB)

One of my favourite thing is poetry which helps me to understand the outside world, brings to my mind the strength of the human spirit, the beauty of man. Poetry helps me to educate myself. When I have some spare time I create poems too. I’m going to publish my creative work in the future. But I know I must work very hard if I want to charm my readers. I wont to appeal to people’s hearts & minds of people, to their feeling & ideals. I’m also interested in architecture so I like to visit the places where I can see how people lived in the past, old buildings, castles. I like Gediminas castle, which foundation is guarded by the “Iron wolf” legend, in Vilnius. The vaults Of Vilnius cathedral attract me too. The castle of Grand Duke Kęstutis in Trakai admires me very much. If you want to visit the places of interest you have to travel. And I like travelling with my family during our holidays & on weekends. We visit a lot of places in the countryside by our bikes. I think biking is even better than riding in a car because you can follow narrow trails in the fields & in the woods where there are no roads. I like ride a bike because I can hear birds sing, listen to the sounds of nature & enjoy the fresh air then. I’m interested in photography too. I always take my camera with me when I’m on holiday. I keep a photograph record of family events. I like to correspond. I have a lot of pen-friends in all over the world. I have a pen-friend in Greece & I have been corresponding for 3 years. I like listen to the radio. My favourite radio station is “Radio centras” . In my opinion this station is for people of all ages, interests & tastes. I like listening comments & discussions on current affairs, interviews with various people. I like different kind of music. The programs of “Radio centras” are followed by music, & that’s why it interests me. TV is very popular in my life. I like to watch TV in the evenings. Entertainment programs are my favourite. I like : “Šou bulvaras”, “Dviračio Šou”, “Taip & Ne”. Very often I watch films too. I don’t go to the cinema because today we can see a lot of interesting films at home. Today cinema attendance fall because many people have video recorders at home. But I like to go to the theatre because it helps me to get back my energy. It’s one of the ways of getting out of depression. In my opinion entertainment makes our life more beautiful.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,02 kB)

I would like to do the course in August because I have holidays then. I give preference to August because it is summer too. I think there would be more students from all over the world and that is a good way to improve my English. In the morning, I would like to join a grammar and vocabulary class because it is the best time to study more seriously. However, in the afternoon, I would like to do a scuba diving course because I have never tried it. The second choice would be a radio programme making because it sounds quite interesting and unusual. I would like to know about the weather in Australia and clothes, which are more suitable to be worn there. I have never been so far therefore I will need to buy some things unnecessary in our country.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,08 kB)

Dear Sir/Madam I am writing to complain about your restaurant, which I visited on May 6th. Firstly the one of main problem was that food which I ordered was badly cooked, because steak was tough and chips were greasy. What is more your restaurant waiter which took my orders was very rude, and he even did not apologize me for spilling coffee on my jeans. I trust that you will give the matter serious consideration and that this will not be repeated. I am looking forward to hearing from you as soon as possible. Yours sincerely, Arnoldas Mauragas

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (2,59 kB)

Dear sir or Madam, I read advertisement about WWF. I am interested in it. And I would like to ask more information about this job. First of all, how old do volunteers need to be? I am fifteen and I live in Rusne. I like watch movie about wildlife. My favorite subject is biology. Also, could you please tell me, about work in afternoon, because I have lessons in the morning. I do not have much experience of this job, but I like going to try it. Finally, how can I spend my money for help WWF organization? I keep this money, just for that. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Gabriele Kolpertaite.

Anglų kalba  Namų darbai   (2,68 kB)

I am twenty-year-old student at International business school. I have a diploma from computer science school. Also few months ago I finished psychological course. In addition, I would like to point out that I have got some experience in recruitment sphere. Last winter I worked in the “Darbo birža” and I have enclosed references from my previous employers. I know three languages well. The first, English, I speak fluently. I also speak fairly well Latvian and some Estonian. I feel this would be useful in this position as the firm work with all three Baltic countries. Also you can rely on my versatile and responsibility. I believe that I am suitable for the job for a number of reasons. Firstly having worked in recruitment sphere, I now feel ready to take on challenge and responsibility of being recruitment consultant in your organization. Furthermore, I would like to use my knowledge of psychological working with yours clientele. And finally, I would like to get acquaint with yours organization personnel.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,73 kB)

Food is any substance(medžiaga) that can be consumed (suvalgyti), including liquid drinks. Food is the main source of energy and of nutrition (maistas) for animals, and is usually of animal or plant origin. Such description you could find in encyclopedia. However, food and drink aren`t only essential substance for us, but may be a great pleasure. Of course, we should know how to choose food to be healthy and lively. In this instance.I`d like to mention popular fast food menu which items are unhealthful. To illustrate these health concerns, the 2004 documentary film Super Size Me had the director, Morgan Spurlock, eat nothing but McDonald's fast food -- and stop all exercise -- for 30 days. He gained weight and became frequently sick. So to avoid such this, you have to know The Food Pyramid which guides you to healthy eating. The Pyramid diet is very simple. Different kinds of food are placed at different levels of the pyramid. The higher up the pyramid, the less of the foods you should eat. Bread, pasta, rice, and other whole grains are at the bottom of the pyramid. These foods contain complex carbohydrates, which provide us the energy and heat. Carbohydrates should make about 50 % of your diet. Fruit and vegetables are the second level of the pyramid. These should be 30% your diet. Above fruit and vegetables are the protein-rich foods like meat, fish, milk, chesse, yoghurt. your diet. At the top of the pyramid are fat, oil, sweets and sugar. We should eat as little as possible of things at this level. These foods have damaging effect on teeth. It is also recomended to drink 6 glasses of water a day and have daily physical activities in order to be healthy and fit. In conclusion, it is not easy to eat healthy foods.However take the first step toward healthier eating and a healthier lifestyle on the very next day.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (5,66 kB)

Regulations for checking and preventing fires were developed. In the reindustrialize era most cities had watchmen who sounded an alarm at signs of fire. Fire fighting tool was simple water. Another important fire-fighting tool was the axe, used to remove the fuel and prevent the spread of fire as well as to make openings that would allow heat and smoke to escape a burning building. Following the Great Fire of London in 1666, fire brigades were formed by insurance companies. The government was not involved until 1865, when these brigades became London's Metropolitan Fire Brigade. The first modern standards for the operation of a fire department were not established until 1830, in Edinburgh, Scotland. These standards set out, for the first time, what was expected of a good fire department. In all industrial countries fire fighters undergo training, beginning with probationary fire fighters' school and continuing throughout a fire fighter's career. Great Britain has several fire training centers. In Russia, fire schools are in Moscow and St Petersburg; Sweden and Denmark have similar schools. Most fire fighting consists of applying water to the burning material to cool it. Fires involving flammable liquids, certain chemicals, and combustible metals often require special extinguishing agents and techniques. With some fuels the use of water may actually be dangerous. Now fire fighters use special technique. Their uniform is made from special material that protects from heat and poisonous gas they have masks and if there is people in the burning house they have oxygen masks for them. This work is very important because fire can make a lot of damage.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,55 kB)

Regulations for checking and preventing fires were developed. In the reindustrialize era most cities had watchmen who sounded an alarm at signs of fire. Fire fighting tool was simple water. Another important fire-fighting tool was the axe, used to remove the fuel and prevent the spread of fire as well as to make openings that would allow heat and smoke to escape a burning building. Following the Great Fire of London in 1666, fire brigades were formed by insurance companies. The government was not involved until 1865, when these brigades became London's Metropolitan Fire Brigade. The first modern standards for the operation of a fire department were not established until 1830, in Edinburgh, Scotland. These standards set out, for the first time, what was expected of a good fire department. In all industrial countries fire fighters undergo training, beginning with probationary fire fighters' school and continuing throughout a fire fighter's career. Great Britain has several fire training centers. In Russia, fire schools are in Moscow and St Petersburg; Sweden and Denmark have similar schools. Most fire fighting consists of applying water to the burning material to cool it. Fires involving flammable liquids, certain chemicals, and combustible metals often require special extinguishing agents and techniques. With some fuels the use of water may actually be dangerous. Now fire fighters use special technique. Their uniform is made from special material that protects from heat and poisonous gas they have masks and if there is people in the burning house they have oxygen masks for them. This work is very important because fire can make a lot of damage.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,58 kB)

Therefore, most people who eat it every day have overweight problems. Secondly, fast food is processed or canned. That means it has many chemicals which cause many illnesses and lacks necessary vitamins as well. Thirdly, fast food is genetically – modified. Scientists still have no news about the influence of genetically – modified food on people health, but it is thought it can do a lot of harm. To sum it up, even if fast food tastes delicious or is favorite, people should not forget that it can not be basic food as it is unhealthy and not proper.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,56 kB)

. In addition to this, even if you buy the most expensive clothes at “Apranga”, you will look absolutely the same as other people around you. Moreover, “Gariūnai” market does not differ from “Apranga”. Clothes which you buy at “Gariūnai” have even the same labels as “Apranga” clothes. Thirdly, the quality of “Apranga” clothes is not the best. Usually, after some time you have to throw away those clothes. “Gariūnai” does not suggest better quality either, but at least the prices are reasonable. To sum it up, “Apranga” and “Gariūnai” fashion does not differ at all.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,66 kB)